Aksum, an ancient city in northern Ethiopia, was once the heart of a powerful kingdom. Its towering obelisks, including the Aksum Stele, stand as impressive remnants of this bygone era. Explore the ruins of royal tombs and palaces, and visit the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion, said to house the Ark of the Covenant. Aksum offers a profound connection to Ethiopia's rich historical and religious heritage. Here are the top 10 places to visit in Aksum:
1. Obelisks of Aksum (Stelae Park)
The iconic obelisks, or stelae, of Aksum are towering granite monuments erected by the ancient Aksumite civilization. These intricately carved structures date back over 1,700 years and mark royal burial sites. The largest, though fallen, would have been over 33 meters tall. The standing Obelisk of Aksum, repatriated from Italy in 2005, is a national symbol. These UNESCO World Heritage monuments showcase advanced engineering and artistry, reflecting the power and wealth of the Aksumite Empire. It’s a must-visit site for anyone interested in African history and ancient architecture.
2. Church of St. Mary of Zion
This sacred site is considered Ethiopia's holiest Christian sanctuary. According to Ethiopian tradition, it houses the Ark of the Covenant, brought to Ethiopia by Menelik I. While the actual Ark is guarded in a separate chapel and not viewable by the public, the church complex remains deeply significant. It includes both the old and modern churches of St. Mary, built by emperors across centuries.
The site is central to the Ethiopian Orthodox faith and pilgrimage, especially during religious festivals. It offers a powerful blend of spirituality, legend, and history.
3. Queen of Sheba’s Palace Ruins
Said to be the home of the legendary Queen of Sheba, these ruins, known locally as Dungur, are located on the outskirts of Aksum. While no definitive proof links it to the queen, the remains of walls, staircases, and courtyards suggest a large, well-planned palace from the Aksumite era. The site fuels the mythology of Ethiopia’s royal lineage and is a fascinating place for those drawn to biblical history. Surrounded by beautiful countryside, the ruins provide an atmospheric and peaceful experience.
4. Queen of Sheba’s Bath (Mai Shum)
This large rectangular reservoir, known as Mai Shum, is believed by locals to be the Queen of Sheba’s bathing pool. While its true historical function may have been ceremonial or practical (like water storage), it’s steeped in local legend and plays a key role in religious rituals. Each year during the Timket festival, priests bless the waters, drawing large crowds. The bath offers tranquil views and a glimpse into Ethiopia’s enduring blend of mythology, religion, and history.
5. Archaeological Museum of Aksum
Located near the stelae field, this small but informative museum offers insight into the Aksumite Empire. It features artifacts such as ancient coins, pottery, tools, and inscriptions that shed light on the civilization’s trade, writing system (Ge’ez), and craftsmanship. Though modest, the museum enhances a visit to the surrounding archaeological sites by providing valuable context. It’s ideal for history buffs who want to better understand Aksum’s role as one of the greatest ancient African kingdoms.
6. Ezana Stone Inscriptions
Often called Ethiopia’s Rosetta Stone, the Ezana Stone bears inscriptions in Greek, Sabaean, and Ge’ez, attributed to King Ezana of Aksum. It records his military victories and the conversion of the empire to Christianity in the 4th century. The trilingual nature of the stone highlights Aksum’s cosmopolitan and literate society. Though slightly weathered, it remains legible and is sheltered on the site. This monument is invaluable for understanding Aksum’s global connections and religious transition.
7. Tombs of Kings Kaleb and Gebre Meskel
These royal tombs, cut deep into the earth and lined with large stones, are attributed to King Kaleb and his successor Gebre Meskel, two prominent rulers of early Christian Ethiopia. Visitors can explore the subterranean chambers, complete with ancient stone doors and inscriptions. The tombs reflect Aksumite engineering prowess and burial customs. While modest on the surface, the interiors are atmospheric and intriguing. A visit offers a look into the spiritual and political power of Aksum’s Christian monarchs.
8. Enda Mikael Church and Archaeological Ruins
Adjacent to the more famous sites, this lesser-known church is surrounded by the remains of ancient buildings and stelae fragments. It’s believed to be built on or near older Aksumite structures. The site is quiet and less visited, making it ideal for reflective exploration. Archaeological finds from the area suggest a complex urban layout during Aksum’s peak. The blend of spiritual function and ancient history gives Enda Mikael a subtle but captivating charm.
9. Aksum Zion Festival (Hidar Zion)
If visiting in late November, travelers can witness Hidar Zion, one of Ethiopia’s most important Orthodox festivals, held at the Church of St. Mary of Zion. Thousands of pilgrims from across the country gather for processions, chanting, and prayer in honor of the Virgin Mary. It’s a vibrant, deeply spiritual event that showcases Ethiopia’s religious devotion and rich traditions. Attending the festival provides a powerful cultural immersion and a rare chance to see Aksum at its most lively and sacred.
10. Mountains Surrounding Aksum
The hills and small mountains around Aksum offer excellent hiking opportunities and panoramic views of the ancient city. These quiet trails provide a chance to connect with the natural landscape that has shaped Aksum’s history for millennia. Local guides can lead you to small churches, caves, and hidden ruins tucked into the terrain. The scenery is particularly dramatic at sunrise or sunset. It’s a perfect way to balance archaeological exploration with outdoor adventure.
